Business

Africa Critical Minerals Timeline 1885–2026: From Colonial Extraction to the Global Race…

Africa holds roughly 30% of the world's known mineral reserves but earns only about 10% of global mineral revenue, because most of the value in copper, cobalt…

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COLONIAL PARTITION

Berlin Conference Begins Colonial-Era Extraction

The 1884-85 Berlin Conference formalised European colonial claims across Africa. It marks when export-oriented extraction infrastructure - railways and ports built to mo…

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COPPERBELT INDUSTRIALISES

The Central African Copperbelt Is Built

Union Minière du Haut-Katanga and Rhodesian mining groups built large-scale industrial copper mining straddling today's DR Congo-Zambia border, with rail extended specif…

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NATIONALISATION WAVE

Gécamines and Mulungushi Reforms

DR Congo nationalised Union Minière in 1967, creating state miner Gécamines. Zambia's 1968-70 Mulungushi Reforms took majority stakes in the country's copper groups, for…

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CHINA'S INDUSTRIAL BOOM

Chinese Investment Reshapes African Mining

Rapid Chinese industrialisation drove surging demand for copper and cobalt. Chinese mining firms, refiners and infrastructure companies expanded across Africa through eq…

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THE REFINING GAP OPENS

China Builds Global Battery-Mineral Refining Dominance

Chinese companies built the majority of the world's cobalt-refining and battery-manufacturing capacity through the 2010s, much of it fed by African-mined concentrate. By…

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ZIMBABWE'S FIRST EXPORT BAN

Zimbabwe Bans Raw Lithium Ore Exports

Zimbabwe, Africa's largest lithium producer, banned exports of unprocessed lithium ore in 2022 - the first step in a multi-year push toward local processing that culmina…

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MAPPING THE UNDERGROUND

DRC-Xcalibur $180M Airborne Survey Begins

The DRC and Spain's Xcalibur Smart Mapping began a three-year, $180 million airborne geophysical survey covering over 700,000 km². SGNC estimates systematic exploration…

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THE PROCESSING PUSH

Zimbabwe and Guinea Both Move to Restrict Raw Exports

Zimbabwe announced a January 2027 ban on lithium concentrate exports. Guinea, the world's largest bauxite exporter, began finalising export controls to push more alumina…

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RAILWAYS AND DATA AS LEVERA…

DRC Signs Lobito Rail Concession, Accelerates Geological Databank

DRC signed a 30-year concession for the 1,004 km Dilolo-Sakania railway, completing the DRC leg of the Lobito Corridor to the Atlantic. Congo simultaneously pushed forwa…

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