COP is the annual Conference of the Parties to the UN climate treaty, running since 1995. It produced the binding Kyoto Protocol (1997), the near-universal Par…
Delegates at the first Conference of the Parties concluded existing UNFCCC commitments were inadequate and launched negotiations toward stronger, binding obligations for…
The Kyoto Protocol set the first internationally binding targets, applying only to industrialised economies, averaging roughly 5% below 1990 levels. The US signed but ne…
Negotiations for a comprehensive post-Kyoto treaty collapsed into gridlock. The Copenhagen Accord was only 'noted,' not adopted - but it introduced the below-2C goal and…
The Paris Agreement set a goal of holding warming well below 2C while pursuing 1.5C, built on Nationally Determined Contributions each country updates on a five-year rat…
The Glasgow Climate Pact became the first COP cover decision to explicitly address coal, calling for a 'phase-down' of unabated coal power - changed from 'phase out' in…
After decades of pressure from vulnerable nations, governments agreed to establish new funding arrangements including a dedicated Loss and Damage Fund - the first COP fi…
Parties completed the Paris Agreement's first Global Stocktake and found progress too slow. The closing text called for 'transitioning away from fossil fuels in energy s…
Developed countries agreed to take the lead in mobilising at least $300 billion a year for developing countries by 2035, within a broader $1.3 trillion-a-year ambition f…
Parties adopted a new Just Transition framework and the Belem Adaptation Indicators, calling for tripling adaptation finance by 2035. Days later, an updated UNFCCC synth…
COP31 is scheduled for November 2026 in Antalya. With Paris now a decade old, its focus is expected to continue shifting from target-setting toward tracking whether Baku…
Read the complete story, FAQs and key facts.