Science

Global Coal Timeline 1760–2026: Industrial Revolution to Record Coal Demand

The IEA's September 2026 Coal Mid-Year Update forecasts global coal demand will rise 1.2% to a record 8.94 billion tonnes in 2026, reversing an earlier plateau…

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RECORD FORECAST

IEA revises 2026 coal forecast to a record 8.94 billion tonnes

The IEA's Coal Mid-Year Update reversed its earlier plateau forecast, projecting demand up 1.2% for the year to 8.94 billion tonnes - a record - while coal production is…

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GAS SHOCK

Strait of Hormuz disruption triggers gas-to-coal switching

Fighting linked to the US-Iran conflict cut LNG shipments through Hormuz; Brent crude closed near $101/barrel on 9 September 2026. Higher gas prices made coal cheaper by…

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CHINA SUPPLY SHOCK

Shanxi mine accident triggers Chinese safety shutdowns

A deadly mine explosion in Shanxi prompted emergency safety inspections; over 100 mines with combined capacity above 100 million tonnes were temporarily shut, cutting ex…

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CHINA POWER SHIFT

China's coal-fired power generation falls for first time since 2015

Coal-fired generation dropped 1.9% even as electricity demand rose about 5%, because wind, solar, nuclear and hydro absorbed the new demand - proof clean growth can disp…

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EUROPEAN GAS CRISIS

Russia's invasion of Ukraine triggers a European gas crisis

Cuts to Russian pipeline gas sent European prices soaring; several countries temporarily extended coal-plant life to preserve gas for winter heating - the same fuel-swit…

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PARIS AGREEMENT

Paris Agreement marks a climate-policy turning point

Nearly every country adopted national emissions-reduction commitments, intensifying debate over coal phase-down - but implementation speed has varied hugely by country e…

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ASIA'S COAL BOOM

Asia becomes the new centre of the global coal map

China's 2001 WTO entry and rapid industrialisation, followed by India's growth, shifted the world's coal centre of gravity away from Europe and North America toward Asia…

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ELECTRICITY ARRIVES

Coal shifts from mechanical power to centralised electricity

Thomas Edison's coal-fired Pearl Street Station opened in 1882, one of the first central power plants, beginning coal's shift from driving on-site machinery to fuelling…

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STEAM ENGINE

James Watt patents a dramatically improved steam engine

Watt did not invent the steam engine - Thomas Newcomen's design predates his by over 50 years. Watt's separate-condenser patent made it efficient enough to drive factori…

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ORIGINS

The Industrial Revolution accelerates coal use

Coal had been used for centuries before, but the 1760s marks when industrial-scale extraction and use began accelerating sharply in Britain - the foundation of the moder…

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