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Harley-Davidson: The Full History of an American Motorcycle, 1903-2026

Harley-Davidson is an American motorcycle manufacturer founded in 1903 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, built around air-cooled V-twin engines since 1909-1911. It surv…

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FOUNDATION

The First Motorcycle, Built in a Milwaukee Shed

William S. Harley and Arthur Davidson completed their first motorcycle in 1903, built in a small wooden shed in the Davidson family's backyard. It was a single-cylinder…

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THE RELIABLE V-TWIN

A Redesigned V-Twin Finally Works

The troubled 1909 V-twin, pulled from sale after reliability problems, returned in 1911 with mechanically operated intake valves in place of the earlier suction-operated…

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WORLD'S LARGEST MANUFACTURER

Harley-Davidson Becomes the World's Largest Motorcycle Maker

Harley-Davidson produced 28,189 motorcycles in 1920, with dealers reaching 67 countries — a peak reached less than two decades after the company's founding.

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THE KNUCKLEHEAD

The Knucklehead Introduces Overhead Valves

The EL, nicknamed "Knucklehead" for rocker-box covers resembling a clenched fist, was Harley-Davidson's first overhead-valve V-twin, with a recirculating oil system that…

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WORLD WAR II PRODUCTION

Roughly 90,000 Motorcycles Built for Military Service

Harley-Davidson converted much of its manufacturing to military production, primarily the WLA, with documented figures putting total wartime output at roughly 90,000 uni…

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SPORTSTER DEBUTS

The Sportster Nameplate Begins

The XL Sportster introduced the "Ironhead" overhead-valve V-twin, a lighter, sportier alternative to Harley's big touring twins that remains in production, in evolved fo…

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AMF ACQUISITION

AMF Acquires Harley-Davidson

American Machine and Foundry acquired Harley-Davidson in 1969, expanding production capacity sharply while, by widely corroborated accounts, build-quality consistency de…

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THE MANAGEMENT BUYBACK

Thirteen Executives Buy the Company Back From AMF

Led by Vaughn Beals and including Willie G. Davidson, thirteen executives arranged a highly leveraged buyout for about $80 million, taking Harley-Davidson private and in…

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THE TURNAROUND

Evolution Engine and Softail Launch Together

The all-aluminum Evolution engine and the Softail chassis, which hides rear suspension under the transmission, both launched in 1984 — three years after the management b…

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V-ROD

V-Rod Launches With a Porsche-Developed Engine

The VRSC V-Rod introduced the liquid-cooled Revolution engine, co-developed with Porsche Engineering, producing about 115 horsepower — the most technologically radical H…

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LIVEWIRE SHIPS

The Production LiveWire Ships

Five years after the Project LiveWire concept, the production LiveWire began deliveries in September 2019, with 105 horsepower and a 15.5 kWh battery.

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LIVEWIRE GOES PUBLIC

LiveWire Becomes an Independent Public Company

Harley-Davidson spun LiveWire off through a SPAC merger completed in 2022, letting it raise its own capital while Harley-Davidson retains a stake and dealer-network ties.

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