The Indus Waters Treaty is a 1960 water-sharing agreement between India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank, that allocates the six rivers of the Indus ba…
When the British Raj was divided in August 1947, the administrative boundary drawn by Cyril Radcliffe cut straight through the Punjab irrigation network — one of the mos…
Three years of bilateral deadlock between India and Pakistan prompted World Bank President Eugene Black to offer the institution's good offices in 1951. Black proposed t…
After three years of watching India and Pakistan fail to agree, the World Bank tabled its own proposal in February 1954: divide the six rivers cleanly along a geographic…
On 19 September 1960, Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistani President Field Marshal Ayub Khan signed the Indus Waters Treaty in Karachi — a rare moment of…
When India and Pakistan fought a full-scale seventeen-day war in September 1965 over Kashmir, many observers expected the Indus Waters Treaty to collapse as a casualty o…
India's construction of the Salal hydroelectric dam on the Chenab river — a western river allocated primarily to Pakistan — became the treaty's first serious stress test…
Pakistan formally requested a Neutral Expert under the treaty in 2005 to rule on India's 900 MW Baglihar hydroelectric project on the Chenab. This was the first time in…
Pakistan took its objections to India's 330 MW Kishanganga hydroelectric project on the Jhelum river to the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague — escalating to t…
Following the September 2016 militant attack on an Indian Army base in Uri, Jammu & Kashmir, which killed 19 soldiers, Prime Minister Narendra Modi convened a high-level…
On 25 January 2023, India sent Pakistan a formal notice under Article XII(3) of the Indus Waters Treaty — a clause providing for modification by mutual agreement — deman…
On 22 April 2025, gunmen killed 26 tourists near Pahalgam in Jammu & Kashmir in one of the deadliest civilian attacks in the region in two decades. The following day, In…
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