Manual scavenging -- the manual removal of human excreta from insanitary latrines, drains, sewers or septic tanks -- has been illegal in India since 1993, comp…
The Constitution of India comes into force, with Article 17 abolishing untouchability and forbidding its practice in any form -- the constitutional bedrock every later m…
Parliament passes India's first dedicated national law banning manual scavenging and dry-latrine construction. Government and civil-society reviews later find zero convi…
The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act expands the ban to septic tanks, open drains and railway tracks, and mandates rehabilitat…
The Swachh Bharat Mission launches 2 October 2014. Separately, the Supreme Court disposes of Safai Karamchari Andolan v Union of India, ordering compensation for every s…
A joint Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs and Ministry of Social Justice scheme begins funding mechanised sewer-cleaning equipment, protective gear, health screening…
Government reporting continues to track mechanisation coverage and district-level manual-scavenging-free declarations, while civil-society organisations continue to docu…
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