Himalayan Glacier Disaster Timeline (2021–2026): Nepal–Tibet Flood, GLOFs & Rising Mountain Risks
Himalayan glacier disasters from Chamoli to the 2026 Nepal-Tibet flood: GLOFs, ice-rock avalanches, the USGS earthquake correction and the climate link.
The flood arrived from a place where it was not raining. High in the Himalayas near the Nepal–Tibet border, a mass of glacier ice, rock and sediment broke away on 26 August 2026 and plunged roughly 1,200 metres into the valley below. The collapse generated a seismic signal strong enough to be mistaken at first for an earthquake — then the disaster changed form, blocking a river and sending a violent mixture of water, mud, ice and rock down the Lhende Khola, Bhote Koshi and Trishuli valleys. That sequence is the reason Himalayan glacier disasters are so hard to prepare for: the thing that starts the disaster is often not the thing that kills people downstream.
Fact-checked: 27 August 2026. The 2026 Nepal–Tibet event is still under investigation and its casualty figures are changing hour to hour — numbers below carry a source and a timestamp. Scientific mechanism for each older event follows the latest peer-reviewed study or ICIMOD analysis, not the first breaking-news description.
🧠 The 60-second answer
On 26 August 2026, a large section of glacier and rock broke off at about 5,200 m elevation on the Tibetan side of the Nepal–China border and fell roughly 1,200 m into the Lhende Khola valley. The resulting ice–rock avalanche briefly dammed the river; when the natural dam failed, a flood surged down the Bhote Koshi and Trishuli, raising the Trishuli by about 9 m in 30 minutes. The US Geological Survey first logged a magnitude-4.4 earthquake, then revised its analysis: no earthquake occurred — the magnitude-5.2 seismic signal was generated by the collapse itself. As of 27 August 2026 at least 363 people are confirmed dead (360 in Nepal, 3 in Tibet) and more than 1,300 are missing across Nepal and Tibet, including hundreds of foreign trekkers. It is the fifth major Himalayan glacier disaster since 2021, after Chamoli (2021), South Lhonak/Sikkim (2023), Thame (2024) and Rasuwa (2025) — and the same river corridor flooded from a glacial source just 13 months earlier.
Himalayan glacier disasters: key questions
What connects five very different disasters
- No single trigger. Chamoli 2021 was a rock–ice avalanche; Sikkim 2023 was a true GLOF; Thame 2024 was a lake failure that cascaded through two lakes; Rasuwa 2025 was a supraglacial-lake drainage; Nepal–Tibet 2026 was a glacier collapse that dammed a river.
- The cascade is the danger. Each event changed form as it travelled — avalanche to debris flow, mass movement to displacement wave to dam breach. The kill mechanism was rarely the initiating one.
- 2026 was not a classic GLOF. Do not file it with Sikkim or Thame. The primary trigger was a glacier/rock collapse; the flood came from a temporary river blockage failing.
- The earthquake report was wrong. The USGS revised its own analysis — the seismic signal came from the landslide, not a fault rupture.
- This valley had a recent warning. The July 2025 Rasuwa flood came down the same Lhende–Trishuli corridor from a glacial lake on the Tibetan side, destroying the Nepal–China Friendship Bridge.
- Climate raises the background risk, not every single rock. Warming drives glacier retreat, permafrost thaw and lake growth — but attributing one slope collapse to climate change needs a dedicated study.
- South Lhonak is the strongest climate link. Peer-reviewed work found climate-driven glacier retreat and permafrost degradation amplified the 2023 hazard.
- Ice loss has doubled. ICIMOD (March 2026): Hindu Kush Himalaya glacier ice-loss rates roughly doubled since 2000; up to ~27 m of thickness gone since 1975.
- Hydropower sits in the blast zone. Rishiganga, Tapovan, Teesta III and Rasuwagadhi were all damaged or destroyed — the same steep valleys that generate power carry the floods.
- Collapses are hard to forecast. Monitoring can flag a growing lake or a creeping slope; it cannot reliably predict the day a glacier lets go.
What caused the 2026 Nepal–Tibet disaster?
The sequence, step by step — from a current, still-preliminary reconstruction.
A glacier and rock collapse became an ice–rock avalanche, which blocked a river and then released a flood. At about 08:40 local time on 26 August 2026, satellite imagery indicates a substantial section of the lower end of a glacier detached at roughly 5,200 m on the Tibetan side of the border and fell about 1,200 m onto the valley floor, entraining rock and sediment as it went. The avalanche struck the Lhende Khola about 20 km northeast of the Rasuwagadhi border crossing.
What happened next is what made it a transboundary catastrophe:
- The debris temporarily blocked the Lhende Khola, ponding water behind an unstable natural dam.
- The blockage failed — landslide and avalanche dams often fail within hours — releasing the ponded water in a surge.
- The surge picked up sediment and became a debris-laden flood moving down the Bhote Koshi.
- Downstream on the Trishuli, water levels rose by as much as nine metres in about half an hour, according to river monitoring reported by ICIMOD and news agencies.
- The flood destroyed at least 19 bridges, washed away roughly 40 km of road, damaged hydropower facilities and hit the Rasuwagadhi border area.
Note what this was not. It was not a magnitude-5.2 earthquake. It was not friction “melting the glacier into a flood.” It was not, on current evidence, a classic glacial lake outburst — there is no confirmed lake as the primary trigger. It was a high-mobility mass movement that interacted with a river. Measurements still being verified include the exact detached area (one early analysis suggested on the order of 0.2 km²), the source glacier’s name, and the precise contribution of recent high temperatures.
Was the Nepal–Tibet flood triggered by an earthquake?
Current evidence says no. The event was initially interpreted as an earthquake — the USGS logged a magnitude-4.4 event about 66 km north of Kathmandu — but the USGS later determined that no earthquake had occurred. Using data from nearby seismic stations, long-period seismic waves and satellite imagery, it concluded that the seismic signal was generated by the glacier and rock collapse itself, and reclassified it as a magnitude-5.2 landslide.
Can a landslide really produce a magnitude-5.2 signal?
Yes. Seismic magnitude measures the strength of recorded ground motion, whatever its source. A large, fast mass movement — a rock avalanche, a glacier collapse — shakes the ground and radiates seismic waves that instruments record and can assign a magnitude to. For comparison, the 2022 Marmolada glacier collapse in the Italian Dolomites registered around magnitude 0.6.
So “a magnitude-5.2 seismic event” is accurate; “a magnitude-5.2 tectonic earthquake” is not. The distinction matters because an earthquake-triggered collapse and a spontaneous collapse imply very different monitoring and warning strategies.
How a warming mountain can become a flash flood
One possible cascading pathway — not every Himalayan flood follows this sequence.
Warming does not mechanically cause each individual avalanche. It changes the conditions that make failures more likely and lakes larger.
GLOF vs ice–rock avalanche: they are not the same disaster
| Feature | Glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) | Ice / rock avalanche |
|---|---|---|
| Initial trigger | Sudden release of water from a glacial lake (barrier fails, or a mass movement enters the lake) | A rock-and-ice mass detaches from a steep slope or glacier |
| Main moving material | Water plus sediment and debris | Ice, rock, snow and sediment |
| Can block a river? | Sometimes, via the debris it carries | Yes — directly |
| Can cause a downstream flood? | Yes — that is the defining outcome | Yes — directly, or after damming a river |
| Needs a lake? | Yes, by definition | No |
| Clear Himalayan example | South Lhonak, Sikkim (2023); Thame (2024) | Chamoli (2021) |
| 2026 Nepal–Tibet | Not classified as a classic GLOF on current evidence | Glacier / rock collapse → river blockage → debris flood |
2026 in one line, against the others
2023 Sikkim: GLOF. 2021 Chamoli: rock–ice avalanche. 2024 Thame: GLOF (two-lake cascade). 2025 Rasuwa: supraglacial-lake outburst. 2026 Nepal–Tibet: ice–rock / glacier collapse → river-blockage flood.
The five events at a glance
Ranked by released water volume or collapsed mass, where measured. Every figure is from post-event science.
India
India (Uttarakhand)
Nepal + Tibet/China
Nepal (Solukhumbu)
Himalayan glacier disaster timeline: 2021–2026
Newest first. Only scientifically distinct events, plus the data that frames them.
2026
Nepal–Tibet: a glacier collapse becomes a transboundary catastrophe
At about 08:40 local time, a substantial section of the lower end of a glacier detached at roughly 5,200 m on the Tibetan side of the border and fell about 1,200 m, gathering rock and sediment. The avalanche hit the Lhende Khola ~20 km northeast of the Rasuwagadhi crossing and temporarily blocked the river.
When the natural dam failed, a debris-laden flood surged down the Bhote Koshi and Trishuli. The Trishuli rose about 9 m in 30 minutes. The USGS first reported a magnitude-4.4 earthquake, then concluded no earthquake occurred and the magnitude-5.2 signal was produced by the collapse.
ICIMOD: Hindu Kush Himalaya ice-loss rates have doubled since 2000
On 21 March 2026, ICIMOD published its HKH Glacier Outlook 2026, synthesising 38 monitored glaciers. Headline finding: ice-loss rates roughly doubled since 2000, with a marked acceleration after 2010, strongest in the eastern and central Himalaya. The reports also cite up to ~27 m of ice-thickness loss since 1975 and roughly a 12% loss of glacier area between 1990 and 2020.
2025
Rasuwa: a transboundary glacial flood hits the same corridor
Early on 8 July 2025, a flood wave surged down the Lhende River in Tibet, crossed the border at Rasuwagadhi and entered Nepal’s Upper Trishuli. ICIMOD satellite analysis attributed it to the rapid growth and sudden drainage of a supraglacial lake on the Purepu Glacier in China’s Gyirong County, about 35 km upstream at ~5,150 m. The lake had grown to about 638,000 m² by 7 July and shrank sharply after the rupture.
2024
Thame: a glacial lake outburst above an Everest-region village
ICIMOD determined that the flood began when a rock avalanche hit a glacial lake at about 4,900 m, generating a displacement wave that breached the lake and released roughly 156,000 m³ of water. That outflow fell about 120 m, hit a second lake, and breached its moraine dam — leaving a gap about 22 m high and 51 m wide and releasing a further ~303,000 m³.
2023
South Lhonak, Sikkim: a true glacial lake outburst flood
On the night of 3–4 October 2023, the moraine-dammed South Lhonak Lake released a catastrophic flood. Later research (published in Landslides, summarised by ICIMOD in 2025) found that an unstable lateral moraine mass — up to 14.7 million m³ of frozen material — collapsed into the lake, generating a roughly 20 m tsunami-like wave that eroded and breached the frontal moraine and released about 50 million m³ of water.
The unstable moraine section had been creeping at more than 15 m per year between 2016 and 2023. Permafrost was present in the failure zone, and thaw is thought to have contributed to the instability.
2021
Chamoli: the disaster first mistaken for a GLOF
A wedge of rock and glacier ice — about 27 million m³ — detached from the steep north face of Ronti Peak, transformed into an extraordinarily mobile debris flow, and raced down the Ronti Gad, Rishiganga and Dhauliganga valleys. It carried boulders more than 20 m across and scoured valley walls up to 220 m above the river bed.
Early reports called it a glacial lake outburst flood. A 2021 study in Science established a rock-and-ice avalanche origin with no lake involved — the clearest example of why mechanism must be checked, not assumed.
Nepal–Tibet flood casualty tracker
A snapshot, not a running total. Figures from different update times must not be added together.
| Area | Confirmed dead | Missing | As of | Source basis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nepal | At least 360 | ~826 (incl. ~600 foreign trekkers) | 27 Aug 2026 | Nepal Police / NDRRMA via Reuters, AP |
| Tibet / China (Gyirong County) | At least 3 | ~558 (incl. ~260 foreign nationals) | 27 Aug 2026 | Chinese state media |
| Reported total | ~363+ | ~1,380 (some tallies near 1,500) | 27 Aug 2026 | Combined agency reporting |
Why the numbers keep changing
In a debris flood, “missing” and “confirmed dead” move as bodies are recovered, as people are found alive in cut-off villages, and as tourist and worker registers are reconciled across two countries. Reported missing foreign trekkers in Nepal come from more than 20 countries; per Nepali figures relayed by Al Jazeera on 27 August 2026, the largest groups are Indian (177), US (63), Australian (34), British (33) and Canadian (25) nationals. Authorities have not released names. Expect these figures to be revised.
Disaster comparison table
Update as scientific investigations evolve.
| Event | Initial trigger | Lake involved? | Main flood mechanism | Major infrastructure impact |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chamoli 2021 | Rock / ice avalanche (Ronti Peak) | No | Avalanche → mobile debris flow | Rishiganga & Tapovan hydropower |
| South Lhonak 2023 | Lateral moraine mass into the lake | Yes | Displacement wave → dam breach (GLOF) | Teesta III dam; Teesta-valley bridges/roads |
| Thame 2024 | Rock avalanche into a glacial lake | Yes (two lakes) | Wave → breach → second breach (GLOF cascade) | Village buildings, school, health post |
| Rasuwa 2025 | Supraglacial-lake growth & drainage (Purepu Glacier) | Yes (supraglacial) | Sudden lake drainage → transboundary flood | Friendship Bridge; Rasuwagadhi hydropower |
| Nepal–Tibet 2026 | Glacier / rock collapse | Not the primary trigger | Avalanche → river blockage → dam-break flood | 19+ bridges; ~40 km road; hydropower |
Did climate change cause the 2026 Nepal–Tibet disaster?
Climate change cannot be assigned as the sole cause of a single slope collapse before attribution and geomorphological studies are done. Scientists studying the 2026 event say it is too early to quantify how much warming contributed, though several have pointed to rapid melt and high temperatures as plausible contributing factors.
What warming clearly does is raise the background conditions associated with high-mountain instability:
- Glacier retreat exposes and de-buttresses steep valley walls that ice used to support.
- Permafrost thaw melts the ice that helps bind fractured rock masses together.
- Altered meltwater can push water into rock fractures and lubricate slip surfaces.
- Expanding glacial lakes store more water behind moraine dams that were never engineered.
- Changing snow and ice conditions shift where and when avalanches start.
The honest phrasing is contributed to the risk, not proved the sole cause — unless a specific study establishes otherwise.
| Event | Attribution status | What the evidence shows |
|---|---|---|
| South Lhonak 2023 | Strong published evidence | Peer-reviewed work found climate-driven glacier retreat and permafrost degradation amplified the hazard |
| Thame 2024 | Emerging evidence | ICIMOD frames it as part of accelerating cryosphere hazards in the Everest region; formal attribution limited |
| Chamoli 2021 | Possible contributing factor | Studies note warming and development raise Himalayan risk; the collapse itself was not formally attributed |
| Rasuwa 2025 | Possible contributing factor | Supraglacial lake formed and grew rapidly in a warming, fast-melting basin |
| Nepal–Tibet 2026 | Not yet attributed | Investigation ongoing; rapid melt and high temperatures flagged as suspected contributors |
Himalayan glacier loss has accelerated
What ICIMOD reported (Mar 2026)
- Ice-loss rates across the Hindu Kush Himalaya have roughly doubled since 2000
- Loss accelerated after 2010, strongest in the eastern and central Himalaya, hitting smaller glaciers hardest
- Up to ~27 m of ice-thickness loss since 1975 across monitored glacier datasets
- The region lost roughly 12% of its glacier area between 1990 and 2020
- Synthesis of 38 monitored glaciers; water resources important to nearly 2 billion people downstream
What it does not mean
- Not “every Himalayan glacier melts twice as fast” — this is a regional aggregate
- Not the same as the 2023 ICIMOD figure (65% faster mass loss in 2011–2020 vs the prior decade) — different metric and timeframe
- Not “2 billion people will lose their water” — basin hydrology is far more complex
- Not a prediction that a specific lake or slope will fail on a specific date
- Ice-thickness loss is not the same as area loss or mass-balance rate — keep the metrics separate
Why Himalayan hydropower is exposed
Hydropower projects sit in steep river valleys because that is where the fall and the flow are. The same geography puts them directly in the path of floods, debris flows, landslides and GLOFs. The pattern repeats across every event on this page:
- Chamoli 2021: the Rishiganga plant was destroyed and the larger Tapovan-Vishnugad project badly damaged; most of the dead were construction workers on site.
- South Lhonak 2023: the 1,200 MW Teesta III dam was destroyed, worsening the downstream surge.
- Rasuwa 2025 and Nepal–Tibet 2026: the Rasuwagadhi project and other Bhote Koshi / Trishuli plants were damaged, and border infrastructure was cut.
Damaged hydropower infrastructure can also amplify a cascade — a failed or overtopped structure adds water and sediment to the flood, and its loss compounds the economic damage. This does not mean hydropower caused the initiating glacier events; it means siting, design and early-warning integration matter enormously in these valleys. Figures sometimes quoted for regional “hydropower potential” (for example 500 GW) describe theoretical or technical potential across the wider region, not installed capacity — the two are very different.
Why rescue is so hard after a Himalayan debris flood
The same flood that causes the disaster also destroys the means of responding to it:
- Roads and bridges are gone — in 2026, at least 19 bridges and about 40 km of road were washed out, isolating whole valleys.
- Sediment, not just water — debris floods leave metres of mud and boulders that bury vehicles, buildings and victims.
- River levels stay high and unstable for days, and secondary landslides keep coming.
- Terrain limits helicopters — narrow valleys, high altitude and few safe landing sites.
- Weather and communications — monsoon cloud grounds aircraft; power and mobile networks fail.
- Two countries — a transboundary event needs coordinated search, data-sharing and consular work across a closed border.
Can scientists predict a glacier collapse?
Not reliably in every case. Monitoring can detect slope movement, fractures, lake expansion, changes in glacier velocity, seismic signals and melt conditions — and researchers had flagged South Lhonak as a hazardous, rapidly growing lake years before it failed. But that is hazard identification, not a forecast of the failure date. Sudden collapses of ice and rock remain very difficult to predict precisely.
What a GLOF early-warning system looks like
Possible components include lake-level sensors, river gauges, weather stations, satellite monitoring, seismic monitoring, automated alerts and downstream sirens with evacuation routes. Nepal has installed such systems on some rivers. The limits are structural: remote headwaters, cross-border catchments where the trigger sits in another country, power and maintenance in the high mountains, and the need for people downstream to know what a siren means and where to run.
Satellites are now essential
Optical imagery, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and InSAR let analysts map lake growth, measure slow slope deformation, and produce before-and-after images of a collapse scar and flood path within days. This is powerful for understanding an event and tracking building hazards — it is not yet real-time collapse detection.
A glacier can collapse in one country and flood another
The 2025 and 2026 disasters both began in Tibet and did their worst damage in Nepal. Headwaters in one jurisdiction and communities in another make preparedness a matter of data-sharing, joint river monitoring and cross-border warning protocols, not just national systems. If a 2026-style flood prompts alerts or evacuations further downstream in India, those should be reported from official Indian agencies (CWC, NDMA, state authorities) rather than assumed.
The science, defined
Plain definitions for the terms this story turns on.
Glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF)
The sudden release of water stored in or beside a glacier — often when a moraine or ice barrier fails, or when a mass movement enters the lake and pushes out a displacement wave. Triggers vary: avalanche, rockfall, moraine instability, ice collapse, heavy rain, lake-level rise or ice-dam melt. In High Mountain Asia, a large share of documented GLOFs were set off by mass movement into a lake.
Ice–rock avalanche
A large mass of rock and glacier ice that detaches from steep high-mountain terrain and accelerates downslope. It can fragment, entrain snow, sediment and water, travel long distances, enter rivers, and trigger secondary floods or debris flows. Chamoli 2021 is the clearest recent Himalayan example.
Debris flow (“liquid concrete”)
A fast, dense mixture of water, mud, sand, boulders, ice, wood and whatever infrastructure it destroys. The high sediment concentration is what gives it such destructive force. “Liquid concrete” is a useful description, not a scientific classification.
Permafrost
Ground that stays frozen for at least two consecutive years. In high mountains, ice inside rock fractures helps hold rock masses together. Warming can thaw that ice and contribute to instability — though thaw alone is rarely a confirmed sole trigger for any single collapse.
River-blockage (landslide-dam) flood
When an avalanche or landslide dumps enough material into a river to dam it, water ponds behind the blockage. These natural dams are unconsolidated and often fail within hours, releasing a sudden downstream flood. This is the mechanism behind the 2026 Nepal–Tibet surge.
Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH)
A high-mountain system spanning eight countries, far larger than “the Himalayas” alone. Its glaciers and snow feed ten major river basins — the Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra, Mekong, Yangtze and more — which is why ICIMOD calls it the “Water Towers of Asia.”
High mountains in a warming world
The Himalayas are not alone — but the hazards differ by region.
| Region | Primary glacier-linked hazard | Recent example |
|---|---|---|
| Himalayas / Hindu Kush Himalaya | GLOFs and ice–rock avalanches | Chamoli 2021; South Lhonak 2023; Nepal–Tibet 2026 |
| European Alps | Permafrost thaw and rock / rock–ice instability | Marmolada collapse 2022; Blatten (Switzerland) rock-avalanche and river dam 2025 |
| Andes | Glacial-lake growth and outburst risk | Long history of Cordillera Blanca GLOFs (Peru) |
| Alaska | Glacier retreat, landslides and landslide-generated waves | Documented tsunami hazard in rapidly deglaciating fjords |
| Greenland | Large rock avalanches into fjords | 2023 Dickson Fjord landslide generated a days-long seiche |
These regions do not face identical hazard intensity. The Himalayas stand out because so many people, roads, dams and trekking routes sit in the valleys directly downstream of unstable ice.
Disaster risk is more than the glacier
A glacier collapse in an empty valley may harm no one. The same collapse above a road, a dam, a trekking season and a border crossing becomes a catastrophe. Warming raises the hazard term; development raises the exposure term.
Myth vs reality
| Myth | Reality |
|---|---|
| Every Himalayan glacier disaster is a GLOF. | Some are rock–ice avalanches, landslides or cascading river-blockage floods with no lake as the primary trigger. |
| The 2026 event was a magnitude-5.2 earthquake. | The USGS concluded no earthquake occurred; the collapse itself generated the magnitude-5.2 seismic signal. |
| Glaciers simply melt and become floods. | Mass movement, river blockage, sediment entrainment and lake failure all play roles. Friction does not just “melt the glacier into water.” |
| If a dangerous glacial lake is mapped, the disaster can be predicted. | Hazard mapping improves preparedness but does not give an exact failure time. South Lhonak was studied for years before it failed. |
| Glacier collapses are becoming common. | Warming is increasing several underlying hazards, but rare ice–rock collapses remain hard to quantify and predict. |
Latest Himalayan glacier disaster updates
Updated only for meaningful scientific or rescue developments.
Update log
- 27 August 2026: USGS analysis clarifies that the seismic signal was generated by the ice–rock collapse, not a tectonic earthquake. Search and recovery push the toll up through the day: Nepal reports at least 360 dead and ~826 missing, Tibet’s Gyirong County reports 3 dead and ~558 missing — roughly 363 dead and more than 1,300 missing in total (Al Jazeera, Reuters).
- 26 August 2026: Glacier and rock collapse near the Nepal–Tibet border blocks the Lhende Khola; the natural dam fails and a flood surges down the Bhote Koshi and Trishuli. Early death tolls (~160) are described as underestimates.
- March 2026: ICIMOD’s HKH Glacier Outlook 2026 finds ice-loss rates have doubled since 2000.
- July 2025: A transboundary glacial flood from the Purepu Glacier hits the same Rasuwagadhi corridor, destroying the Nepal–China Friendship Bridge.
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✍️ Editorial note & sources
This is an editorial, AI-assisted explainer compiled from public sources and updated as a living page. It is not disaster-response guidance; for safety information follow your national disaster-management authority.
How we classify events: each disaster is labelled GLOF, ice–rock avalanche, landslide-dammed flood or debris flow based on the best available post-event science. If research revises a classification, we update the entry.
Primary sources: US Geological Survey (USGS); International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), including the HKH Glacier Outlook 2026 and the 2023 HKH assessment; peer-reviewed studies in Science (Chamoli 2021) and Landslides (South Lhonak 2023); Nepal’s National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Authority; Chinese state media for Tibet figures. Reporting sources: Reuters, Associated Press, Al Jazeera, BBC, France 24 for current-event detail. Figures for the 2026 event are preliminary and were changing at the time of writing.
Sources & further reading
Every dated entry above was checked against these references. Last reviewed 27 August 2026.
- ICIMOD - Hindu Kush Himalaya glaciers losing ice at double the rate since 2000 (March 2026)
- ICIMOD - New study confirms climate change played a key role in the 2023 Sikkim lake outburst
- ICIMOD - GLOF from Thyanbo glacial lake sweeps away Thame Village (2024)
- Shugar et al. 2021 - A massive rock and ice avalanche caused the 2021 disaster at Chamoli (Science)
- A massive lateral moraine collapse triggered the 2023 South Lhonak Lake outburst flood (Landslides, 2024)
- Stimson Center - Transboundary glacial floods on the China-Nepal border (Rasuwa 2025)
- Al Jazeera - Nepal-Tibet floods: what happened, what caused them and who is missing
- USGS - Landslide Hazards Program